答案解析:
1989年,由Beauchamp和Childress在Princi-ples of Biomedical Ethics一书中提出的"四原则":自主原则(The principle of respect for autonomy)、公平原则(The principle of justice)、有益原则(The principle of beneficence)、不伤害原则(The principle of non-maleficence)已被国际上广泛认可,并应用于医学及护理伦理领域。